Which statement best contrasts substantive advice and process advice?

• A. Substantive is non-directive; process is directive.
• B. Substantive is directive; process is encouraging.
• C. Substantive is directive; process is empowering.
• D. Substantive is fact-based; process is feeling-based.

Answer: (C)

Substantive advice provides concrete actions or solutions, so it is directive. Process advice, on the other hand, guides how to think, feel, and approach the problem, which supports the client’s autonomy and growth—empowering them to choose and develop their own skills. That contrast captures why the best answer pairs substantive with directive and process with empowering: substantive pushes a specific content path, while process invites exploration and self-directed decision-making. For example, saying, “You should do X because it’s the best option” is substantive and directive. Meanwhile, asking, “What options feel right to you, and how could you test them?” focuses on the process and helps the client own the solution.